Thursday, January 30, 2020

History of British Empire Notes Essay Example for Free

History of British Empire Notes Essay History of the British Empire leading to the establishment of the commonwealth This work contains information about the British Empire compared to the Roman Empire than compared to the Spartans. This shows who done b=worse things and was it worth going through all of that if their Empire is not the best? My work also contains certain opinions(mine and my dad) and tan some extra information about the commonwealth, what they do and who’s involved in it. I say that that British Empire changed the world the most because their economic system and schooling system means they had technology and money to build army and navies in Rome could only dream of. However the British got their political and law system from the Romans and Rome in the day had great economic power. ‘The sun never sets on the British Empire’ Is a well-known saying about the British Empire because there was a lot of colonies around the world which meant it was daytime somewhere in the Empire. The British Empire covered the largest land area ever ruled over by one nation, this involved over 166 countries. The British Empire began around the 1700, even though there is no longer considered an empire it still has a vast commonwealth network (this means that there are still some colonies that still believe in the British Empire) However, the Roman Empire lasted over 1,000 years and stretched from Britain to the Middle East. Much of the building technology of the Romans were adopted by the western world and are still used today. 2,000 years later. The Romans had much less of advanced tools to work with and the longer length of the time they was an empire. There are many good and bad points about the Roman Empire but what shocked me the most was that they took over neighbouring countries in their plan to take over the world; they tried to do this through violence and destruction. They would use black slaves and animals as entertainment; this would involve blood and violence. This would be held in the Colluseam. They also had massive amounts of slaves and killed hundred thousand during their conquest. The Empire wasn’t all that bad, considering the Empire was so big there had to be harsh and inhumane things to keep control of it. But things like the gladiatorial games weren’t necessary as without the slave the Roman Empire wouldn’t have been as successful and prosperous as they were. I think that the slaves deserve a lot of credit in making the Empire a success, even though what the Romans done to them were harsh and despicable. If I was to compare the Roman Empire to the Spartans, really the Roman Empire would be k nown as what they done would have been common at the time as the Spartans put a whole race into slavery and never let one of them rise above being classed as a slave. The Romans was quite cruel as they would torture slaves, child molestation, rape, poison and incest slaughter, this was just some of the things they would to the slaves compared the British Empire which invaded countries, changed most of their original cultures, once used privateers(pirates that were authorized by the government) would be used to plunder enemy ships during war and encouraged the colonies even in America to do the same. So I have compared the British Empire to the Roman Empire who was then compared to the Spartans and to conclude my research i believe that we should be proud the British Empire as we was much more civilised and didn’t go over the top in attempting to take over the world unlike the Roman Empire who would put people/slaves through the worst things to try to succeed in taking over the world. Just to make things clear the Spartans was far worst as they put a whole race into slavery and that’s all they would be. I asked my dad if he is proud o f the British Empire and he said: ‘At the time they brought allot of civilisation to many places that lacked in it, in different countries they helped build rail roads, postal services, and religion.’ Than I asked him if he was proud of it now, he replied: ‘Yes because nowadays we have strong, economical and commercial ties with the common wealth countries’ I don’t think my dad was too sure about the bad points but apart from that it was clear that he is proud of the British Empire because of how much it has helped the world today. The coalition government has set out a vision to strengthen the commonwealth as a focus for promoting democratic values and development. There are 54 independent sovereign states in the commonwealth. The commonwealth are a group of countries working in the same direction to promote the common interest of their people and promotion of international understanding. Membership of the commonwealth is voluntary , it is 63 years old, it has 54 member states which together comprise over 2 billion citizens. Her majesty the queen is head of the commonwealth, membership of the commonwealth does not bring with it contractual obligations rather members commit to a series of statements of believes esta blished by heads of government. The priorities and programmes of the commonwealth: 1.Good offices for peace- strengthen democratic processes and institutions 2.Rule of law- promoting the rule of law is seen enhancing democracy, good governments and development across the membership 3.Human rights- aims to assist members in the adoption and implementation of international human rights 4.Economic development-to assist developing countries to improve their understanding of international trade rules and regulations and to help them strengthen their negotiations within the world trade organisation. 5.Environmentally sustainable development- the commonwealth brings together industrialised countries with significant greenhouse gas emissions. 6.Large emerging economies- notable energy production and some of the poorest and the most vulnerable economies. 7.Human development- the commonwealth works towards the millennium development goals and is partially active in education, gender and health.

Wednesday, January 22, 2020

Growing Up in Araby by James Joyce and Boys and Girls by Alice Munro Es

Growing Up in Araby by James Joyce and Boys and Girls by Alice Munro In the stories â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce, and â€Å"Boys and Girls† by Alice Munro, there is a common theme of growing up. In both of these stories the characters came to a realization of who they were and what they wanted to be. They both are of the age when reality strikes and priorities take on meaning. The characters in both stories evolve through rites of passage but the way in which these revolutions occur differ with each character. These stories can be seen as different from each other in many ways. The young boy lives in a house in a suburban area without a mother or a father, but with guardians. He has a group of friends nearby he hangs out with. Though, he has no siblings. His revelation lets him realize the finer things in life, like women. He finds his friends are boring and no longer wants to play. Also, he obsesses over the young girl across the street in an unhealthy way. It almost seems as if he could grow to be a psychopath. He follows behind her on the way to school, waits for her before school, and watches her from his door. The young girl on the other hand, lives in the outskirts of town, if not pure country. She does not play with anybody but a younger brother she has. She worships her father and neglects her mother. She also has no respect for her mother, although later in the story, she goes on about all the hard work she does. Unlike the boy, the young girl is kept occupied with lots of...

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

Political Leadership Essay

Political Leadership and the Problem of the Charismatic Power Author(s): Carl J. Friedrich Source: The Journal of Politics, Vol. 23, No. 1, (Feb. , 1961), pp. 3-24 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Southern Political Science Association Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2127069 Accessed: 04/08/2008 17:34 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp. JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=cup. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor. org. http://www. jstor. org POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND THE PROBLEM OF THE CHARISMATIC POWER* CARLJ. FRIEDRICH Harvard University. introduced sociology into and its derivatives, THE TERM charisma many years ago by a Germansociologist, has lately been spreading into political science here and abroad. The intellectuals’ desire to sound profound by the use of unfamiliar words may have a share in this fad, but it would seem that the term also responds to a very real need. One recent writer goes so far as to define charisma as â€Å"the right to rule by virtue of what they (the leaders) have been and are. † Needless to say, such vagueness is a far cry from the original usage. 1 In order to be able to assess the utility of the concept of charismatic leadership, charismatic authority (and legitimacy) and charismatic power and rule, it will be necessary to clarify the phenomena of power, rule and leadership which are supposed to be qualified by this quality of being charismatic. Power is a central concern of political science. It is a phenomenon which is universally recognized, but difficult to understand. Like all data of the real world, it defies rigorous definition. Most famous among the attempts at definition is that of Hobbes. He states that â€Å"power is the present means to secure some future apparent good. † (Leviathan Chap. 10) Such a definition (while historically important as a challenge to the traditional notion that what is â€Å"good† can be authoritatively known)2 is both too broad and too narrow. Too broad, because it makes it impossible to distinguish power from wealth; for what is wealth but a present *Based upon a paper delivered at the 1960 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, on September 9, 1960. The problems here discussed will be more fully developed within a systematic context in a forthcoming book on this and related issues. ‘Max Weber, Wirtschaft und GeselIschaft, 1922, Part I, Chap. 3, paras. 1014; Part III, Chap. 9, and elsewhere. An abbreviated edition of Talcott Parsons and Henderson was published under the title The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. The discussion of charisma and charismatic leadership is found on pp. 358ff. The statement quoted on charisma is found in M. S. Lipsett, Political Man (1959) p. 49. 2Hobbes, in consequence, denied the notion of a â€Å"summum bonum†; these Doints were rightly stressed in comments by David Spitz. [3] 4 THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS [Vol. 23 means to secure some future apparent good? Hobbes’ reply to such an objection would have been, of course, that wealth is a â€Å"form† of power; he says as much in the discussion that follows his definition. Whatever may be the argument here on broad philosophical grounds, it is operationally important today to draw this distinction, in order to differentiate political from economic concerns and thus politics from economics. Actually so broad a definition as Hobbes’ really identifies power with the totality of resources available to a man to realize his values or purposes. If power is thus defined, what does it mean to say that â€Å"life is but a ceaseless search for power after power unto death†-the famous claim of Hobbes and recited to this day? It simply says that men seek that which they desire, which is little short of tautological. But Hobbes’ definition is not only too broad; it is also too narrow. For it talks of power as if it were a thing, something to have and to hold, and may be to sit upon like a bag of gold. Power at times possesses this quality, but at other times not at all, and it is important to see it in its dual nature, because only this Janusfaced quality gives to power the perplexing dynamic quality which men feel but find it difficult to account for. Power is not only a thing, a possession, but it is also a relation, as Locke insists in his Essay on Human Understanding (Bk. II, Chap 21) where he states are â€Å"(powers relations, not agents. † If power is looked at in the dimension of time, it becomes clear that its relational quality is the more evident, the longer the time span involved. For it is in the rise and the decline of political power, whether of individuals or of larger groups that the relational quality, the fact that power is always power over other men, becomes evident. In a certain sense, therefore, it is possible to say that the stress upon its quality as a thing, a possession to have and to hold, is the result of an illusion. But such a statement is not wholly justified. Due to the institutionalization of power relationships, presently to be discussed, the power attached to a certain office is a thing, a possession to have and to hold. To be sure, the office may be lost as a result of the way the power is used, but while the office is held, the power is in the hands of him who holds it. Therefore it is appropriate to say that power is to some extent 8It is curious and has been noted occasionallythat Locke in his Essays on Civil Government (I1,4) builds the argument upon Hobbes’ concept, though the other notion, implicit in his general philosophy, also plays its part. 1961] POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND CHARISMATIC POWER 5 a possession p(l), and to some extent a relation p(2). It is the ratio of the two ingredients which political science must continuously be concerned with. The difference between political phenomena in which the ratio of p(l) and p(2) is greater than one, and those in which the ratio of p(l) to p(2) is smaller than one is familiar to the study of politics. The first is typically a stabilized office, such as that of an hereditary monarch, or of an official of a firmly established republic. The second ratio, p (l)

Monday, January 6, 2020

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Essay - 2141 Words

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Behavior Therapy for body image has been proven an effective way to improve body dissatisfaction. It has been applied to persons with eating disorders, obesity, body dysmorphic disorder, and normal weight, all of whom harbor negative feelings toward their bodies. It is critically important to target body image for specific treatment, as negative feelings about ones body are often a major precipitous to eating disorders. What is body image? Body image can be defined as the picture one has in his mind about the appearance (i.e. size and shape) of his body, and the attitude that he forms toward these characteristics of his body. Thus there are two components of body image: the†¦show more content†¦A negative body image is associated with both anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Patients with binge-eating disorder also report significant amounts of distress over body image (Rosen, 1995). Recovery from anorexia or bulimia in terms of eating habits or weight restoration does not indicate that the patient is satisfied with her physical appearance. In fact, about two-thirds of these recovered patients still worry excessively about their physical appearance. For many women, getting over the desire to be thin is the most difficult part of recovery. Body image must be targeted for treatment in eating disordered patients (Rosen, 1995). Body image in non-eating disordered subjects Body image is also a significant concern for those suffering from body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). BDD is a disturbance of body image in which the patient has a preoccupation with an imagined defect. These patients are not necessarily concerned about overall body shape, their problem area may be much more specific. Nevertheless, BDD patients can also benefit from treatment for their negative body image (Veal et al., 1996). Finally, many weight-preoccupied and obese women harbor negative body images about themselves. They do not suffer from any disorder listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, but they are extremely body-dissatisfied. It is also appropriate for these women to receive treatment for the negative attitudes they holdShow MoreRelatedCognitive Behavior Therapy And Therapy1201 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many that have contributed to cognitive behavior therapy or CBT throughout the years but we are going to focus on the founders of modern day CBT, Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. Ellis is responsible for the Rational emotive behavior therapy, the first of the CBT in the 1960’s. The bases of REBT is suggest that a patient’s emotional distressed stems from their thoughts about a traumatic event, and not the event itself. Ellis developed this approach as a means to get over his personal problemsRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy1349 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavio r Therapy Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck,  Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist and the client work together as a team to identify and solve problems. Therapists help clients to overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. A System of Psychotherapy Cognitive therapy is a comprehensive system of psychotherapy, and treatment is based on an elaborated and empiricallyRead MoreIs Cognitive Behavior Therapy? Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesIs Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) effective in reducing negative body image for adolescent females? The approach that was used to answer the practice question had been to use three different search engines: Google Scholar, PsycINFO, and ProQuest. The search terms used to find sources included body image, cognitive behavior therapy, adolescent female, effective, and treatment. Other search terms included eating disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and intervention. The criteria used to determineRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy1617 Words   |  7 Pages Cognitive Behavior Therapy started as Behavior Therapy in 1966 by ten behaviorist who did not agree with the Freudian psychoanalytic model. Behavior Therapy really begins in the early 1900s during the behaviorist movement starting with Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Thorndike, and Hull along with many other scientists that were primarily dealing with behavior and the observation of behavior. The 1950s two research groups in South Africa were on the way to making behavior therapy a science based therapyRead MoreCognitive Therapy ( Cbt ) Or Cognitive Behavior Therapy963 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Therapy (CT) or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapy approach to counseling that aims at replacing faulty, unrealistic, or negative thinking patterns and self-defeating beliefs with more accurate, constructive and optimistic patterns that lead to effective understanding and problem solving. CBT like Solution Focused Therapy is a short-term, goal-oriented talk therapy that takes a hands-on, practical approach to problem-solving. CBT perceives problems as stemming from commonplaceRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy And Mental Therapy865 Words   |  4 PagesThe cognitive behavior therapy initially treated depression, but extensive research has demonstrated that cognitive behavior therapy works to treat many other psychiatric disorders (Corey p.307). For example, phobias, eating disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, borderline personality, posttraumatic stress disorder etc. Additionally, there is evidence from neuroimaging research that CT therapy reduces the activity in the amygdalohippocampal subcortical region and increase the activity in the frontalRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy ( Cbt )857 Words   |  4 Pagesabout a combination of cognitive therapy with behavioral therapy to form CBT (Hansen, 2008). Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) was developed by Aaron Beck in 1967 (field, Beeson, Jones, 2015). In the late mid-1980s, people were still very res istance to the combination of the two therapies, despite the great works of Ellis and Beck (Hansen, 2008). CBT proposed that dysfunctional emotional and behavioral responses were caused directly by dysfunctional thinking, known as cognitive distortions. CBT isRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory Of Cognitive Behavior Therapy1756 Words   |  8 PagesTheoretical Analysis Cognitive Behavioral Theory Several prestigious and monumental contributors commenced the development of cognitive behavioral therapy. The four main catalysts have been Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Judith Beck, and Donald Meichenbaum. Each of these trailblazers lead a different aspect of cognitive behavior therapies. While working through his own personal fears and anxieties, Albert Ellis developed what is now termed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and is the firstRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)1559 Words   |  7 PagesAssumptions and Definition Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes. This is an effective treatment for patients who are dealing with anxiety and depression. CBT refers to a group of psychotherapies that incorporate techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are the two psychologists who came up with therapies. Beck developed the cognitive therapy (CT) that focuses on changing theRead MorePsychology : Cognitive Behavior Therapy Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesthis assignment, I was very curious to more about the cognitive behavior therapy (cognitive behavior therapy). The video that we will be referring has Dr. Donald Meichenbaum as the therapist and Beverly who is the client and has anxiety. Before Dr. Meichenbaum started the session with Beverly, Dr. Diane and Carlson introduced Dr. Meichenbaum on the show and discussed about cognitive behavior therapy. Dr. Diane describes cognitive behavior therapy that has an empirically based approach. This approach